Mud fever is a common skin problem in horses, particularly during prolonged wet and muddy conditions. While it isn't always possible to avoid mud completely, good paddock management, careful leg care and reducing prolonged exposure to wet conditions can all help lower the risk.
In this guide, we look at what mud fever is, what causes it and practical steps you can take to help prevent it.
What is Mud Fever?
Mud fever is a common skin complaint that generally arises during winter and early spring. It typically affects the pastern and heel area, causing painful sores and scabs. However, it can extend to the upper legs, belly, and in rare cases, even the neck, where it’s referred to as rain scald. Severe cases may lead to lameness, swelling, and long-term skin damage.
What does Mud Fever look like?
Mud fever most commonly affects the lower legs, particularly around the pastern and heel. Signs can include:
- Crusty or scabby areas
- Matted hair
- Red or sore skin beneath the scabs
- Heat or swelling
- Discharge from the affected skin
- Pain or sensitivity when the area is touched
- Lameness in more severe cases
If your horse develops significant swelling, pain or lameness, or the condition is worsening or failing to improve, contact your vet.
What causes Mud Fever?
Mud fever, also known as pastern dermatitis, develops when the skin's natural protective barrier becomes compromised. Prolonged exposure to wet and muddy conditions can soften the skin, while grit and mud may cause small abrasions that allow microorganisms to enter.
The bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis is commonly associated with mud fever, although other underlying skin problems may also contribute.
Here’s how it is believed to happen:
- Skin Damage: Abrasive grit from wet soil compromises the skin’s outer layer.
- Prolonged Dampness: Continuous moisture softens and breaks down the skin, making it easier for bacteria to penetrate.
Horses with white legs may be more susceptible, although mud fever can affect any horse.
Preventing Mud Fever
The aim of mud fever prevention is to reduce prolonged wetting of the skin, minimise damage to the legs and identify problems early. These three areas can make the biggest difference.
1. Maintain Your Paddocks
- Rotational Grazing: Rotate paddocks to prevent overuse and poaching.
- Improved Drainage: Add hardcore or gravel to high-traffic areas like gateways to improve footing and drainage.
- Fencing: Use electric fencing to keep horses out of the deepest mud.
2. Groom Smarter
- Avoid Over-Washing: Resist the urge to hose your horse’s legs daily. Instead, allow mud to dry and brush it off with a soft-bristled brush.
- Dry Thoroughly: If you must rinse, ensure the legs are dried completely with a clean towel to prevent lingering moisture.
- Check Daily: Check the lower legs for small scabs, broken skin, heat or swelling. Spotting changes early makes it easier to act before they become more significant.
3. Protect the Skin
- Barrier Creams: An appropriate barrier product may help provide an extra layer between the skin and wet, muddy conditions. Follow the manufacturer's instructions and make sure it is suitable for your horse.
- Turnout Boots: Breathable turnout boots are excellent for shielding legs from mud and moisture. They provide an extra layer of protection while allowing the skin to breathe. Remove them regularly to check the legs and make sure dirt or moisture is not becoming trapped underneath.
Mud Fever Prevention Checklist
- Check your horse's lower legs regularly
- Reduce prolonged standing in deep mud where possible
- Rotate or rest heavily poached areas
- Improve drainage around gateways and high-traffic areas
- Avoid repeatedly washing muddy legs unnecessarily
- Dry legs thoroughly when they are washed
- Check turnout protection fits correctly
- Keep an eye out for broken skin, scabs, heat or swelling
What if Your Horse Has Mud Fever?
If prevention fails and your horse develops mud fever, early treatment is essential:
- Keep Them Dry: Remove your horse from muddy environments as much as possible.
- Clip the Area: Carefully trim hair around the affected region to allow better access and airflow.
- Soften and Remove Scabs: Apply an antibacterial cream to soften scabs before gently removing them.
- Clean and Protect: Clean the area with a mild antibacterial wash and apply a protective cream.
If symptoms persist or worsen, or you are in any way concerned, always consult your veterinarian immediately. Severe cases may require more intensive treatment.
Conclusion
Mud fever can be painful and frustrating, but good paddock management, careful leg care and appropriate protection can all help reduce the risk. During wet and muddy conditions, regular checks can also help you spot early signs such as scabs, soreness or swelling before they become more serious.
By managing mud exposure and protecting your horse’s lower legs where appropriate, you can help reduce the risk of mud fever throughout the wetter months.
