Education Zone

Does your horse has any unusual lumps, bumps rashes or bald patches? How do you know what skin condition it is? Understanding horse skin conditions can be confusing and frustrating to know how to treat them. Skin irritations can develop at any time of year, but each season can create a problem for sensitive horses. We look at 6 of the most common skin conditions, advice on recognising them and the treatments available. Mud Fever/Pastern Dermatitis By far the most common skin condition, especially during the winter months, is mud fever, or pastern dermatitis.  This is a dermatitis involving the skin on the back of the pastern, fetlocks, and further up the leg. It requires moisture to become established, which is why it is often called “mud fever”. However, it is also commonly seen during the summer months, due to the early morning dew, followed by hot sun. Horses with white legs appear to be very susceptible. In these cases, you will often see the dermatitis extending all of the way up the horse’s white “sock”.  It is mainly caused by the bacteria, Dermatophilus congolensis. Treatment Treatment involves keeping the legs as clean and dry as possible, and clipping the hair is also helpful. If the legs are swollen, a vet must be consulted, as this usually indicates infection, which will need antibiotics. The legs are often very sore, and once the area is clipped and cleaned, applying a soothing topical cream will aid comfort. Occasionally severe pastern dermatitis, especially during the summer months, in areas with pink skin (white socks) may be an indicator of a more severe underlying problem. It could indicate liver disease, or an immune mediated disease, so, if in doubt, speak to your vet. Rain Scald Rain scald is basically mud fever, but on a horse’s back. As with mud fever, this is caused by the bacteria, Dermatophilus congolensis, and is due to the horse’s back being exposed to prolonged periods of wet weather.  Treatment is to keep the area clean and dry, and will often require a period of stabling to resolve. Leg Mites An extremely common condition seen in horses with lots of feather, is leg mites, or “Chorioptes equi”. This condition is easily identified, as the horse normally “stamps” its legs on the ground, bites at its legs, or tries to find gate posts or low fencing to rub the backs of its legs on.  The mites irritate the skin, and this, combined with the horse rubbing the skin, can result in infection. Treatment If not treated promptly (often with ivermectin injections), flies can be attracted to the hair and damp skin, resulting in maggot infestations during the summer months. Keeping the legs clipped, and changing bedding frequently, will minimize the risk of leg mites. Allergic/Urticarial Reactions Horses can present with raised patches of varying sizes over their bodies, due to various allergic reactions. The horse may have: eaten something. rolled in something. or been stung by something that he/she is allergic to. If there are just a few lumps, and the source is removed, then these should resolve on their own. If your horse is covered in raised patches, especially if these are anywhere near the head, then your vet should be called.  Steroids, administered by a vet, will normally result in rapid resolution of the reaction. Unfortunately, anti-histamines rarely work well in horses. Sweet Itch Sweet Itch is a specific type of allergic reaction, as it presents in a very specific way readily recognized by most horse owners. Sweet itch is hypersensitivity to the biting midge, Culicoides. The disease can start at any age, and usually worsens with each consecutive summer. Pruritus (itching) usually occurs at the sites where the midge feeds, so the mane and tail, and often the back. Treatment The best way to treat and manage Sweet Itch, is by removing the horse from the source. This means stabling the horse at dawn and dusk (normally around 5pm-8am) and keeping the horse well covered with a light ear to tail rug when turned out, to try and prevent the midges from biting.  Keeping the horse in an electrified paddock, where he can’t itch, will prevent the rubbing, but won’t help the horse’s comfort. In some cases, your vet will prescribe steroids, but the risk of steroid induced laminitis must be considered.  Good fly/midge repellants are essential. The skin is usually hot and sore, so applying soothing creams and gels will aid comfort. The skin can very easily become infected due to rubbing, so Sweet Itch treatment will nearly always involve your vet. Sun Burn Horses with pink noses/white faces can suffer from sun burn, just as we can. Any areas of pink skin must be kept covered up, either with a well fitted fly mask with nose cover, or sun block, or both.  Fly masks are easily removed by some horses, so ensure you buy one that both fits well, and is of good quality, to avoid rubbing. Treatment Sun burn can be relieved using cooling/soothing gels and in the worst cases, oral anti-inflammatories. Apparent sun burn on a pink nose may also be a sign of underlying disease, so consult your vet if it does not resolve quickly.

The Benefits of Cold Application on Horses The main purpose of cold therapies is to constrict the capillaries and reduce blood flow to the area. This is known as vasoconstriction. This can help to: – Reduce haemorrhage (blood loss, which can lead to bruising)– reduced blood flow means fewer white blood cells, which in turn helps to reduce the inflammatory response– nerve fibre conduction falls, this reduces pain perception (based on the pain gate theory)– ice with compression can help prevent fluid leakage from damaged tissue When should I use it? Cold is most suited to use for acute conditions (meaning they haven’t been there very long). Such as:– A new injury; a knock, bump or kick– New swelling in a tendon– Bites and stings– Burns– Muscle strain– After exercise to aid recovery During strenuous exercise the tendons of the horses’ legs can increase to a level where damage may occur. If the horse is wearing boots this can be especially dangerous as it is harder for the heat to escape and therefore for the legs to cool down. Using cold therapy after strenuous exercise can help prevent further temperature increase of the tendons and help aid recovery. When a muscle is worked tiny tears in the muscle fibres occur. If left untreated post exercise this can cause a delayed onset of muscle soreness that can be uncomfortable and may make your horse feel stiff and sensitive. If left untreated long term this can lead to muscle knots and trigger points. One of the best ways to prevent this is to cool the main muscle groups involved in exercise (will be dependent on what exercises you have done with your horse) and to stretch the muscles later that day and the following morning. Where can I apply it? Cold can be applied almost anywhere it is needed, as long as you can keep it in place for the required treatment time. Cold is most commonly used on the lower limb after exercise to prevent tendons heating further after they have been worked. It can also be used anywhere over the body for bites, kicks, knocks and bruises. When applying cold it is important to keep checking the temperature of the cold pack. This is because as it starts to increase in temperature it will no longer have the desired effect. The time this takes will vary, depending on what applicator is used. It is important to always have material between an ice pack and your horses’ skin to prevent ice burns. When should I NOT use it? Cold can have an adverse effect if used:– before exercise, as it can increase the risk of muscle or tendon strains– if left on too applicators can warm up and start to have the opposite effect

The use of heat is usually accepted well by horses and ponies, and we know how beneficial it can be from using it on ourselves too. There are many factors to consider when using heat for our horses, such as: Methods of delivery. How long to use it for. How to maintain a consistent temperature. But for now, we take a  look into why we would want to use it for our horses, as well as when and where to use it too. The Benefits of Heat Increased metabolic activity and nerve activity. This leads to: An increased demand for oxygen.Widening of the blood vessels (vasodilatation) which increases blood flow and therefore delivery of oxygen and nutrients.Improved metabolism of waste products, leading to better recovery.More oxygen and nutrients are available for the cells. Increased Mobility Achieved by: relaxing muscle fibresincreased pliability of connective tissue aiding flexibilitymaintaining freer joint movement with low resistance Research suggests for an effect, tissue temperature needs to increase by at least 3 to 5°C from the resting temperature (Bockstahler et al, 2004). However using something that is too hot could cause discomfort and even damage to the tissue. When should I use heat? Heat is most suited to use for chronic conditions. Such as: muscle spasm which is very common in the horses’ back – especially in the lumbar region behind where the back of the saddle sits relaxation of general muscle stiffness – perhaps from an increase in workload or general wear and tear osteoarthritis and other joint stiffness – particularly common in the hock and fetlock joints chronic tendonitis – in other words, an old tendon injury that presents as a swollen tendon. This is common in the fore limb SDFT (superficial digital flexor tendon) and DDFT (deep digital flexor tendon) in race and ex-race horses, and in jumping horses. In dressage horses this is seen more in the hind limbs. bursitis – this in an inflamed pocket of fluid with the joint. Usually seen in the knee or in the hock. Where can I apply heat? Heat can be applied almost anywhere, so long as you can keep it in place for the required time. Use heat before exercising your horse to help warm the muscles and tendons. Heat should always be used at rest and care should be taken to not overheat vulnerable tendons in the lower limb. If your horse is not in work then heat can be applied at any time of day when they are resting, either on the yard or in their stable. As a general rule, heat should be applied for around 20 minutes at a time up to 4 times a day. When should Heat NOT be used? Heat can have an adverse effect if used: in the acute stages of inflammation (the first 72 hours after injury or surgery) on an open or bleeding wound In both of the above scenarios cold should be applied to aid vasoconstriction (the narrowing of blood vessels).

One of the well-known benefits of massage is that it can reduce stress. During a massage, endorphins are released by the pituitary gland, these are the body's natural feel-good hormones. The release of endorphins suppresses stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline. Endorphins can also have an analgesic effect, reducing the sensation of pain. The reduction of pain leads to a more relaxed state and can attribute to the effect you are seeing. Another effect of endorphin release is a reduction in blood pressure. Reduced blood pressure suggests a more efficient circulation that is putting less pressure on the cardiovascular system. You are likely to notice longer, deeper breaths and a reduced heart rate. Both of which can make a horse sleepy and more relaxed. Heart rate is an easy parameter to measure to help understand how a horse is reacting to any situation.

We look into the benefits of massage for horse riders, used alongside heat, to target the four main areas horse riders tend to commonly suffer with Hannah Donnelly, Chartered Physiotherapist BSc (Hons).

Some horses, if in discomfort or particularly sensitive, may find massage over stimulating. Using heat on its own is a great tool in these conditions as it is very non invasive, and is usually accepted well by even the most sensitive of souls. Heat should be concentrated on a small area for best effect. For other horses, its a great tool either on its own or combined with massage that reaps several benefits. Lets explore them! The Benefits of Heat. Heat can help to: Support healthy muscles and soft tissue. Warm up muscles or joints before exercise. Maintain lymphatic function. Increase metabolic and nerve activity. But what does this mean? In essence, heat can help our horses feeling good and promotes healthy muscles, so that they can perform at their best. Not only that, but it gives some of that necessary R&R time that we all need. Which Horses can Benefit from Heat? In short - any horse! But here's a few specifics: -             Older horses. -             Horses that are slow to warm up. -             Young horses who are learning new things. -             Horses undergoing retraining and recruiting new muscles. -             Those returning to work after a period of rest. -             Horses working hard and/or competing.     -             For any horse or pony to enjoy!  How to Deliver EFFECTIVE Heat for Your Horse. Providing heat is one thing, but providing reliable, repeatable and safe heat that is effective is another! To have an effect it is thought the tissue temperature needs to increase by at least 3 to 5°C from the resting temperature (Bockstahler et al, 2004). Our solution to this is a handy, battery operated product. The Massage Mitt Hotspot has been tested and is achieving an average of 8.7°C increase to skin temperature whilst still remaining well within the safe limits. Comparing it to other alternatives currently used for horses, we look at the various challenges associated with these and how the Hotspot can help. Comparing traditional heat methods to the Massage Pad Heatsense and Massage Mitt Hotspot  Negatives of Hot Water Bottle/Wheat Bag Positives of Massage Pad Heatsense & Massage Mitt Hotspot Unpredictable temperatures. Set to a specific target temperature with a cut off to prevent overheating. Starts very hot – can be a shock to the skin. Starts at ambient temperature and gradually increases to pre-determined maximum temperature. Starts to cool down quickly. Set to maintain correct temperature. A lot of heat lost to the atmosphere. Insulated to help reduce heat loss. Need access to hot water/microwave. Battery operated to deliver numerous sessions. Covers need to be washed – not straightforward with a wheat bag. Easy to wipe clean - and you could even use the Hotspot on yourself!    A Closer Look at the Massage Mitt Hotspot Offering comforting heat and massage options, the Hotspot soothes and relaxes your horses hardworking muscles.  The choice is yours – pick from heat and 2 different types of massage. Tailor the massage with 3 different strengths. Fits into your daily routine with a 10-minute programme. There’s no muscle you can’t reach. Battery operated to take it with you wherever you go.